The Great Wall of China is a collective name for the continuing security system built across China’s historical northern borders to protect and consolidate against nomadic groups from various regions of the Chinese state and empire. The ancient Chinese states built several walls from the beginning of the seventh century BC; The expeditions later consolidated by China’s first emperor, chosen by Emperor Qin Shi Huang (c. 220-206 BC). But little remains of the wall remain.
Later, several successive dynasties constructed and maintained many stretches of the boundary wall. The most well-known sections of the wall built by the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). In addition to defence, other objectives of the Great Wall include border control, making it possible to impose tariffs, regulate business or encouragement. And regulate immigration and immigration on goods transported along the Silk Road.
Besides, the defensive innovations of the Great Wall magnified by the development of watchtowers, troupe barracks, garrison stations, signalization via smoke or fire, and the fact that the path to the Great Wall also served as a transport corridor. There are multiple courses on the boundary wall built by different dynasties.
Collectively, they extend from Liaodong in the east to Lake Lope in the west, from the present China-Russian border to the Tawhe River in the north; Along an arch that almost describes the edge on the Mongolian steppe.
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how long is the great wall of china?
Using advanced technology, an extensive archaeological survey has decided that the walls built by the Ming dynasty 8,850 km (5,500 miles) measures. It consists of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) canyons and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) natural protective barriers such as mountains and rivers.
Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall, including all its branches, measured 21,196 km (13,171 mi). Today, the Great Wall’s defensive system generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectures in history.
History
Early walls
The Chinese were already familiar with the wall-building techniques during the spring and autumn periods, from the 8th to the 5th century BC. During these times and the post-war states, Qin, Wei, Zhao, Kiwi, Han, Yan and Zhongshan all built extensive castles to protect their own frontiers.
Built to withstand the onslaught of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls mostly made of stone or stamping carved into boards and frames. King Zheng of Qin conquered the last of his opponents by uniting China as the first emperor of the dynasty (“Qin Shi Huang”) in 221 BC and annexed China.
In his desire to impose central rule and prevent the re-emergence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of portions of the wall that divided his empire into former states. To determine the position of the empire against the people of Gyeonggu from the north.
He ordered the construction of new walls to connect the remaining fortresses on the northern border of the empire. Central to the building of the “Build and Move” wall was the guiding principle, pointing out that the Chinese were not erecting permanently defined boundaries.
The bulk of the materials needed for construction was difficult to transport, so builders always tried to use local resources. The mountain boulders were utilized over the mountains and rammed earth was used to build the plains. There is no surviving ancient record that indicates the correct length and course of the walls of the kin.
Most of the ancient walls have disappeared for centuries, and very few remains. The cost to the people of the construction is unknown, but some authors have estimated that millions, if not millions, of workers, died by building a kin wall.
Later, the Han, Northern Dynasty, and Sui repaired, rebuilt or expanded parts of the Great Wall at great expense to defend themselves against all North Eastern invaders. The dynasties of Tang and Song made no significant efforts in the region. The non-Han families also built their boundary walls: Xianbei-ruled North Wei, Khitan-ruled Liao, Jurchen Jin, and the Tangut-founded western Xi’an.
Who ruled vast territories throughout northern China for centuries, all built defensive walls, but they did not. As we know, it located in the north of many other Great Walls, in Inner Mongolia, China Mongolia and the country itself.
Ming era
The concept of the Great Wall restored in the fourteenth century under the Ming. And after the defeat of the Ming army near the Waratts in the Battle of Tumu. After a series of battles, Ming failed to take a clear top step over the Mongolian tribe, and the long-running conflict hit the empire.
Ming Chin adopted a new strategy to keep the Yazar tribes away by building a wall on the northern border. The wall followed the southern edge of the desert, not recognizing the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert.
Unlike previous forts, the Ming construction was more durable and more expansive due to the use of bricks and stones instead of the rammed earth. It estimated that 25,000 Watchtower has erected on the wall.
As the Mongol campaign continued in phases for several years, the Ming spent considerable resources to repair and restore the walls. The areas close to Ming, the capital of Beijing, were particularly strong.
Qi Jiguang repaired and strengthened the wall between 1567 and 1570, encountered parts of the Ram-earth wall with brick, and built 1,200 guards from Shaniguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol invaders. The 1440s – In the 1460s, Ming also created a so-called “Liaodong Wall”.
Same work as the Great Wall (whose outbreak, in one sense it was), but the more basic of construction, the Liaodong Wall, encloses the black soil of Liaodong Province, protecting it against possible invasions from the northwest to Jurchen-Mongol Oriyangha. And Jiangu Zurchens from the north.
Although rocks and tiles used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it simply submerged by childhood on both sides of the earth.
Towards the end of the Ming, the Great Wall accommodated protect the empire against the Manchu attacks beginning around 1600. Despite all the losses to Liaodong, the Ming army retained a strong foothold, preventing the platform from conquering China’s heartland.
The Manches was finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644 after Beijing had already descended on Li Jicheng’s rebels. Before this time, Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times for the campaign, but this time it was for victory.
Commanding Ming General Wang Sangui, who formed an alliance with the stage in hopes of using Manchus to oust the rebels from Beijing, opened the gates of the Shanghai Pass on May 25. The Manchus quickly occupied Beijing and eventually defeated both the rebel-founded Shan Dynasty and the rest of the Ming resistance, establishing the Qing Dynasty throughout China.
Under King’s rule, China’s borders extended beyond the wall, and Mongolia was annexed to the empire, so construction on the Great Wall stopped. On the other hand, Ming Liaodong followed a similar line to the wall, built by the so-called Willow Palaisad King monarchs in Manchuria. The purpose, however, was not to defend but to stop Han Chin’s immigration to Manchuria.
Foreign accounts
None of the Europeans who traveled to China or Mongolia in the 13th and 14th centuries mentioned such great walls as Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, William of Rubarque, Marco Polo, Odoric of Pordenone, and Giovanni di Marignoli.
Ibn Batuta, a North African traveller who also visited China during the Yuan Dynasty c. 1346, had probably heard of the Great Wall of China before coming to China. He wrote that the wall was in his travel gift from Zaitun (modern Quanju) “who are the Wonders of the City and the Traveling of Marvels of the Temple of Two Overs of Travel.”
He associated it with the legend of the wall in the Quran, which Dust-Carnain (usually associated with Alexander the Great) said was created by Gog and Magog to protect the people of the sun from the rising sun.
However, Ibn Battuta did not see anyone who saw it or knew anyone who saw it, suggesting that even though there were remnants of the wall at that time, they were not significant. The details of the Great Wall began to spread in Europe soon after Europeans reached Ming China on the ship in the early sixteenth century, though no European could see it for another century.
One of the earliest European descriptions on the wall and its significance for defending the country against the “Tartars” (i.e. the Mongols) probably included in João de Barros’s’ 1563 Asia. Other early descriptions of Western sources include Gaspar da Cruz, Bento de Goese, Matteo Ricci and Bishop Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza.
Who later described it as a “superbious and mighty work” of architecture, though he had never seen it. In 1559, in his essay “An Agreement on China and the Enjoyment Areas”, Gaspar da Cruz introduces the preliminary discussion about the Great Wall.
The earliest recorded sight of any European entering China through the Great Wall came in 1605, when Bento de Guis, the brother of a Portuguese Jesuit, reached the northwest Xiao Pass from India. The early European descriptions were mostly modest and empirical, reflecting contemporary Chinese understanding of the wall.
However, they later moved to hyperbole, with the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the first emperor built the Ming Walls in the third century BC. When China opened its borders for foreign merchants and visitors after the defeat of the First and Second Opium Wars, the Great Wall became a significant tourist attraction. Travelling tours of the late 19th century add to the glory and myth of the Great Wall.
Course
A formal definition of the formation of the “Great Wall” did not agree, making it difficult to fully describe the entire curriculum of the Great Wall. The defensive line has multiple stretches, pits and notches, as well as separate forts.
Han Great Wall
The Han fort begins at Yuman Pass and Yang Pass southwest of Dunyang in Gansu Province. The remnants of the earliest Han Border posts were found in Mamitu (“the horse lost its way”) near Yuman Pass.
Ming Great Wall
Jiju Pass, located in Gansu Province, is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall. From Xiao Pass, the wall travels randomly down the Hexie Corridor and into the Desert of Ningxia, where it enters the western end of the Yellow River Loop in Yancheng.
Here during the Ming Dynasty, the first significant walls were cut into the Ordos Desert on the eastern side of the Yolo River Loop. At Pianto Pass in Jinzhou, Shaanxi Province, the Great Wall divided into two parts, with “Outer Great Wall” extending to Hebei province along the Inter-Mongolia border of Shaanxi, and the “Inner Great Wall” running southeast from Piento Pass for about 400 of the two Beijing Yanqing counties.
Significant like Pingsing Pass and Yanmen Pass before joining the Great Wall of Sihai Up to km (250 miles) by road. The Great Wall parts around the Beijing Municipality, particularly those that frequently renewed, and tourists regularly visit today.
The Badaling Great Wall, adjacent to Jangjiakou, is the most extensive article on the wall, as it is the first section of the People’s Republic of China to open, as well as expand the showpiece of foreign dignitaries. Zhuang path south of Badaling; When the Chinese applied them to protect their land, Beijing’s capital, on this part of the wall, had several guards to protect Beijing.
Made of stone and brick from the hills, this section of the Great Wall is 7.8 meters (25 feet 7 inches) high and 5 meters (16 feet 5 inches) wide. The most striking part of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs the steepest slopes of Jinshanling.
It is 11 kilometers (7 miles) long, 5 to 8 meters (16 feet 5 to 26 feet 3 inches) and the height is 6 meters (19 feet 8 inches) up to 5 meters in height (16 feet 5 inches at the top). Nine hundred eighty meters (3,220 feet) from Wangjinglo sea level, one of the 67 guards at Jinshanling.
To the southeast of Jinshanling is the Mutianyu Great Wall, which winds along the north, cutting the hill from southeast to northwest at 2.25 km (1.40 miles). It is connected to the Jungguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east.
This division first reformed after the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution. Shanhai Pass, at the edge of the Gulf of Bohai, is considered the traditional teahouse on the wall and the “first pass under heaven”. The inner wall of Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named “Old Dragon Head.”
Xiao Great Wall, 3 km (2 miles) north of Shanhai Pass, is the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall. Fifteen kilometres (9 miles) northeast of Shanaiguan is Jumenkou, the only part of the wall built as a bridge.
In 2009, the Ming wall sections 180-kilometre mountain was unknown, the infrared range finder hid the pit and the river and GPS devices had discovered. In March and April 2015, nine sections of more than 10 km (6 miles) that considered part of the Great Wall discovered on the Ningxia Autonomous Region and the border of Gansu Province.
Characteristics
Before the brick used, the Great Wall originally built of rammed earth, stone and wood. During the Ming, bricks were massively used in several areas on the wall, with materials such as tiles, lime and stone. The size and weight of the bricks make them more comfortable to work with than earth and stone, so construction is faster.
Additionally, bricks can withstand more weight and endure better than rammed globes. Stone can hold under its own weight rather than brick, but it is more difficult to use. As a result, stones cut into rectangular shapes used for wall foundations, interior and exterior stairs and gateways.
Basements adorn the upper part of a wide section of the wall; protective gaps are more than 30 cm (12 inches) long and about 23 cm (9.1 inches) wide. Guards from parapets could survey the surrounding land. With the importance of communication between army units along the Great Wall length. With powerful calls and the ability to alert the garrison of enemy movements.
Signal towers erected at the summit of the hill or other high points along the wall for visibility. Wooden gates can be used as a trap against those who are going. Barracks, stables and arsenals built near the interior surface of the wall.
Condition
Preserved in tourist centers in and near Beijing’s north and even extensively renovated, the Wall has failed in many other places. The walls are sometimes at risk of graffiti and vandalism, provided the source of the stone for building the house and the road. But up to 50 of the written bricks sold to the market in Renminbi.
A 2012 report by the National Cultural Heritage Administration that Ming’s famous wall disappeared 22%, while 1.961 kilometers (1,219 miles) of the wall disappeared. Over 60 kilometers (37 miles) of Gansu Province may disappear over the next 20 years due to sand storm erosion.
In some places, the height of the Wall has reduced from 5 meters (16 feet 5 inches) to 2 meters (6 feet 7 inches). Various square lookout towers featuring the most famous paintings on the Wall have disappeared. Many western sections of the Wall constructed of mud instead of brick and stone and consequently are more sensitive.
In 2014, Liaoning and Hebei province, near the border wall has been repaired with a piece of concrete. The work has much-criticized.
The great wall of china from space
From the Moon
The idea that the Wall can be seen from the moon (385,000 kilometers, 239,000 miles) is a well-known but inaccessible fantasy. One of the earliest references to the allegory that the Grand Wall can be seen from the moon published in a letter written in 1754 by William Stuckley, an ancient English man.
Stukle writes, “This powerful Wall [Hadrian’s Wall] has only crossed 130 km in length by the China wall, which produces a substantial amount of imagery on the earth and can be traced to the moon.
In 1895, Henry Norman also referred to the claim where he stated that “apart from its age. It has the reputation of being the only man’s hand in the world visible from the moon. This may be due to the belief that the “canal” issue on Mars was prominent in the late nineteenth century and that long and thin objects were visible from space.
The claim that the Great Wall visible from the moon can also be seen in Ripley’s Believe it or Not! Strip. The claim that the Great Wall visible from the moon has deactivated several times. The apparent wall width of the Great Wall from the moon 3 km (2 miles) away can be seen just like any human hair. But it is still tied to popular culture.
From low Earth orbit
A more controversial question is whether the wall is visible from the lower Earth’s orbit (160 km (100 miles) high). NASA claimed that it was barely visible, and only under almost perfect conditions; It is not obvious than many other man-made objects.
Veteran US astronaut Gene Sernan says: “At 100 or 200 miles [160 to 320 km] high in the orbit of the Earth, China’s great wall is actually barely visible. “It is less visible than many other objects,” added Ed Lu, an expedition science officer at the International Space Station. Where you will be and how it will look.”
In October 2003, Chinese astronaut Yang Liui explained that he had not been capable of seeing the Great Wall of China. In response, the European Space Agency (ESA) issued a press release stating that the Great Wall barely visible from the orbit between 160 and 320 km (100 and 200 miles).
Chinese-American innovator Leroy Chiao took a photo from the International Space Station that shows the wall. It was so obvious that the photographer wasn’t quite sure he’d actually captured it.
Based on the picture, China Daily later reported that the Great Wall seen under ‘favorable’ spectacular conditions with the naked eye from ‘space’. If anyone knew exactly where to look.
The great wall of china on a map
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